Marxism was first introduced in Japan in October 18, 1898, through the intellectual study society; a small group of Westernized intellectuals held the first meeting of the Shakaishugi Kenkyūkai (The Association for the Study of Socialism) at the Tokyo Unitarian Church. Although most of the founders considered themselves Christian socialist, the association was open to any intesetd party. The first phase of the socialist movement of the late Meiji period was marked by relative moderation and strong support for paraliametrism. The dominant force was Christian humanism , which did much to set the tone of the early Japanese socialist thought. At the general conventioin of the minuscule Japa Socliast Party (Nihon Shakatio) in mid-February 1907, the deep didvision within the momvent was clearly displayed. When Kotoku Denjiro emphises the the casue of “ direct action” was deafted by two votes, with a compromise resolution passing. The “moderates” who called for full-fledged esouosla of parliamentarism and complete rejection of the direct action. This dispute between the social democrats and the anarchists continued , with the left gaining increasing influence and further isolation of the socialist from the mainstream of the Japanese life; the Case of the Great Treason of 1910, when the anarchists had finally moved from words to action, with a failed plot to assassinate the Emperor Meiji, however as result twelve Japanese radicals , including Kotouko Denjiro, were punished, and the socialist party was virtually silenced. during World War I, few individuals like Arahata Kanson, Osugi Sakae, Sakai Toshihiko, and Yamakawa Hitoshi, kept the socialist movement active, but the tone of was still anarcho-syndicalist, reflective of the earlier one. It was at this time Japan had shifted from an agrarian society to predominantly industrial commercial society instead; this resulted in the first generation of labor class, with peasants serving as the recruits.
In 1917 the Bloshevik Revolution provided a new source of stimulus for the Japanese left. This borught an agina verent of the earlier Communist momvent, Nosaka Sanzo who served as perfect example of the time. Nosaka grew up in a totally bouregeois atmosphere and was able to attend Keio univesrty a generally conciedrd an upper class school, it was there that he became interested in labor movment, manily through his professor Horie Kiichi, in fact he wrote his senior thesis on the Yuaikai ( Friendly Society), which also the name of then the Moderate Japanese labor organization lead by Suzuki Bunji. Nosaka started as social reformer in labor and politcies, eventually he worked in the editorship of the Rodo Oyobi Sangyo (Labor and Industry), the union journal. His first contact with Marxism came in 1919 after reading the Communist Manifesto that Koizumi Shinzo brought back from the west. He joind the Britich Communist party in 1920 and attended the first congress as a delegate from the London district. Within years young intellectuals who kept moving into the labor movements during this time; came to the Yuaikai headquarters directly after thire grduation from universities such as Waseda, or Tokyo, and they had rarely been involved in physical labor. These students in the Yuaikai were sampling a doctrine more left in nature to what was made by their senior mentors. in addition a student adherent the Maxsit thought by the name of Katayama Sen; Katayama who had been prisond for five moths in support of the Tokyo streetcar strike for and wrote of the mistreatment he met in prison
, he left japan on August 31, 1914, he also discovered that his movement was under the surveillance of the Japanese police. Katayama contact with Ruggers, one of the earlist Marxist- Leninsts, proved benifcial; because of this Katayama was able to meet a goroup of Russian revolutinares living in exile New York. There he met Trotsky, Bukharin, Madame Kollontai, along with others. Within short time Katayama was the leading Asian Communist of the world, he established an Association of Japanese Socialists in America, and also helped in the unification of the American Communist Party, and undertook the Comintern mission to Mexico. There after he went to Moscow to serve as chairman of the Far Eastern People’s Congress.
Eventually The Japanese Communist Party was founded on July 15, 1922, in the midst of the popular liberation struggle surging in Japan at the time, and it was dissolved in 1924 as its leader, Yamakawa Hitochi, concluded that the situation is in need for more education and preparation, and mass demonstration instead of plotting by small group, the party was reconstituted in 1925, but that year the apparatus of state suppression had been strengthened by the Peace Preservation Law. Consequently the party’s activities were limited to conspirational work by a small and dedicated minority. It was at this time the leadership came from a group intellectuals led by Fukumoto Kazuo.
Radical student found this new challenge from the government, rather stimulating, also these actions brought their organization under official suspicion. For sometime the Tanaka government was surprisingly tolerate toward the student-organized disorder , but in March 1928 more police sweeps brought and end to student agitation and to the Shinjinkai itself.
The intellect of the national and international emergency that charatireesed nationalism in the Kokitai, was met by the conversion of the left, tenko , or apostasy which allowed radicals from the left back into the main stream. During the 1920’s subjects or Marxist study, had become popular answer for social study and plotical economy. However State officials were alarmed by the tenko , and went on bigger scale of arrest done by the police, that resulted in large apprehensions actual and suspected radical alike in March 1928 . these arrests effected the labor momvents and diminished the “underground Communist Party”, most of these arrest pracuters found , that the young people leading the torubel were indeed from a well to do family , with great intelligent. During 1933 Sano Manabu , who joind Yoshino Sakuzo’s Shinjinkaias a student in Tokoyo Impreial University and evntully became leader in the Japan Communist Party, he also was arrested in Shanghai in 1929, with Sakuzo also Nabeyama Sadachika, also a member of the party’s Central Committee. Both men announce thire defection from the Communist Party; and withdrew thire oppostion to the events in Manchuria, and followed by mentioning that “self-rule” in Korea and Taiwan was necessary. More importantly Sakuzo, and Nabeyama went on to say that the emperor system is an obstacle to institutional reform in Japan.
The defections of Sakuzo and Nabeyama, affected those detained in police custody, and as result a mass apostasy went on action. Within 45 percent of those not yet convicted 614 out 1370, and 34 percent (133 out of 393) and those who had been convicted of radicalism or radical activities. Became defected as well in three years 74 percent (324 out of 438) announced that they also returned to the “fold”.
Several accounts of theses trails were recorded from a diverse interest, for example psychologist, on the interrogation side, the interrogators them selves were warned to evade any type of arguments or resistance that could in effect provoke the detainee; for the fact that most of the radicals were relatively young. instead every effort was made to make these radicals to “return” to the core Japans values. A manual was designed to guide the interrogators, for example the interrogators were encouraged to provide the prisoners with bowl of chicken and egg on rice, this meal to resemble a “parent-child” relationship. Police men also were caution not mention ideology, instead they should offer a reminder the “your mother is worried about you” type of attitudes; and never to mention the father in the interrogation, for that might trigger a sense of defiance of authority.
The defection of Sakuzo, and Nabeyama brought satisfainying result to the authority, however it created a complicated dilemma a complicated problem, it became hard to decide which suspects to prosecute and which to let go. These who were resealed would sometimes would join the communist party or commit “offensive thought”, this in turn made the procurators
In 1917 the Bloshevik Revolution provided a new source of stimulus for the Japanese left. This borught an agina verent of the earlier Communist momvent, Nosaka Sanzo who served as perfect example of the time. Nosaka grew up in a totally bouregeois atmosphere and was able to attend Keio univesrty a generally conciedrd an upper class school, it was there that he became interested in labor movment, manily through his professor Horie Kiichi, in fact he wrote his senior thesis on the Yuaikai ( Friendly Society), which also the name of then the Moderate Japanese labor organization lead by Suzuki Bunji. Nosaka started as social reformer in labor and politcies, eventually he worked in the editorship of the Rodo Oyobi Sangyo (Labor and Industry), the union journal. His first contact with Marxism came in 1919 after reading the Communist Manifesto that Koizumi Shinzo brought back from the west. He joind the Britich Communist party in 1920 and attended the first congress as a delegate from the London district. Within years young intellectuals who kept moving into the labor movements during this time; came to the Yuaikai headquarters directly after thire grduation from universities such as Waseda, or Tokyo, and they had rarely been involved in physical labor. These students in the Yuaikai were sampling a doctrine more left in nature to what was made by their senior mentors. in addition a student adherent the Maxsit thought by the name of Katayama Sen; Katayama who had been prisond for five moths in support of the Tokyo streetcar strike for and wrote of the mistreatment he met in prison
, he left japan on August 31, 1914, he also discovered that his movement was under the surveillance of the Japanese police. Katayama contact with Ruggers, one of the earlist Marxist- Leninsts, proved benifcial; because of this Katayama was able to meet a goroup of Russian revolutinares living in exile New York. There he met Trotsky, Bukharin, Madame Kollontai, along with others. Within short time Katayama was the leading Asian Communist of the world, he established an Association of Japanese Socialists in America, and also helped in the unification of the American Communist Party, and undertook the Comintern mission to Mexico. There after he went to Moscow to serve as chairman of the Far Eastern People’s Congress.
Eventually The Japanese Communist Party was founded on July 15, 1922, in the midst of the popular liberation struggle surging in Japan at the time, and it was dissolved in 1924 as its leader, Yamakawa Hitochi, concluded that the situation is in need for more education and preparation, and mass demonstration instead of plotting by small group, the party was reconstituted in 1925, but that year the apparatus of state suppression had been strengthened by the Peace Preservation Law. Consequently the party’s activities were limited to conspirational work by a small and dedicated minority. It was at this time the leadership came from a group intellectuals led by Fukumoto Kazuo.
Radical student found this new challenge from the government, rather stimulating, also these actions brought their organization under official suspicion. For sometime the Tanaka government was surprisingly tolerate toward the student-organized disorder , but in March 1928 more police sweeps brought and end to student agitation and to the Shinjinkai itself.
The intellect of the national and international emergency that charatireesed nationalism in the Kokitai, was met by the conversion of the left, tenko , or apostasy which allowed radicals from the left back into the main stream. During the 1920’s subjects or Marxist study, had become popular answer for social study and plotical economy. However State officials were alarmed by the tenko , and went on bigger scale of arrest done by the police, that resulted in large apprehensions actual and suspected radical alike in March 1928 . these arrests effected the labor momvents and diminished the “underground Communist Party”, most of these arrest pracuters found , that the young people leading the torubel were indeed from a well to do family , with great intelligent. During 1933 Sano Manabu , who joind Yoshino Sakuzo’s Shinjinkaias a student in Tokoyo Impreial University and evntully became leader in the Japan Communist Party, he also was arrested in Shanghai in 1929, with Sakuzo also Nabeyama Sadachika, also a member of the party’s Central Committee. Both men announce thire defection from the Communist Party; and withdrew thire oppostion to the events in Manchuria, and followed by mentioning that “self-rule” in Korea and Taiwan was necessary. More importantly Sakuzo, and Nabeyama went on to say that the emperor system is an obstacle to institutional reform in Japan.
The defections of Sakuzo and Nabeyama, affected those detained in police custody, and as result a mass apostasy went on action. Within 45 percent of those not yet convicted 614 out 1370, and 34 percent (133 out of 393) and those who had been convicted of radicalism or radical activities. Became defected as well in three years 74 percent (324 out of 438) announced that they also returned to the “fold”.
Several accounts of theses trails were recorded from a diverse interest, for example psychologist, on the interrogation side, the interrogators them selves were warned to evade any type of arguments or resistance that could in effect provoke the detainee; for the fact that most of the radicals were relatively young. instead every effort was made to make these radicals to “return” to the core Japans values. A manual was designed to guide the interrogators, for example the interrogators were encouraged to provide the prisoners with bowl of chicken and egg on rice, this meal to resemble a “parent-child” relationship. Police men also were caution not mention ideology, instead they should offer a reminder the “your mother is worried about you” type of attitudes; and never to mention the father in the interrogation, for that might trigger a sense of defiance of authority.
The defection of Sakuzo, and Nabeyama brought satisfainying result to the authority, however it created a complicated dilemma a complicated problem, it became hard to decide which suspects to prosecute and which to let go. These who were resealed would sometimes would join the communist party or commit “offensive thought”, this in turn made the procurators
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